1. ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES
Anti-dumping measures can be adopted after an investigation of the importing country, when dumping and material injury resulting therefrom has occurred. Dumping takes place when a product is exported at less than its normal value, i.e. the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when consumed in the exporting country. Anti-dumping measures may take the form of anti-dumping duties or of price undertakings. Anti-dumping duties are generally enterprise-specific duties levied on certain goods to offset the dumping margin. Anti-dumping price undertakings may be offered to exporters to avoid the imposition of anti-dumping duties.
The value in the market at the customs frontier of a country of her imports of merchandise, other goods, etc., including all charges for transporting and insuring the goods from the country of export to the given country but excluding the cost of unloading from the ship, aircraft, etc., unless it is borne by the carrier.
A security whose value depends on the value of other basic underlying securities. Examples are futures and options, which are traded on organised exchanges, and forward contracts, swaps and other types of options, which are regularly traded outside of organised exchanges in what are termed over-the-counter markets.
A measure of to what extent the level of economic activity currently depends upon the level in the past. The higher the degree of dependence the longer or more persistent the business cycle will be.
Agreements between at least two counter-parties to exchange cash flows in the future according to a pre-specified formula. They can therefore be regarded as portfolios of forward contracts. The most common one is an agreement on the exchange of a fixed rate for a floating rate contract.